Wednesday, March 23, 2011

Have our SG Government done enough for disaster relief, with reference to our ministerial salary.

This is an informative note. It does not serve any purpose of persuasion or influence. And certainly, it does not serve any defamatory purposes.

But nonetheless, my stand is that, given our affluence, we have not done enough for the quake hit countries.

I aim to provide figures of deadly earthquakes (and tsunamis) that happened in recent years, and what our government(and non-government organizations) have done to help the affected countries, with reference to our ministerial salary. Subsequently, there is a section on how others feel about our contribution as a nation.
Last, but not least, I want to know how you really feel.

Let us look at five of the most catastrophic natural disaster in recent years. (These figures serve to give you a rough estimate, not the EXACT figures. Please do not be critical of the numbers. Some figures are still debatable up to date. Sources are quoted at the bottom of the page)

  • Iran Earthquake - December 26, 2003
  1. 6.6 Magnitude 
  2. 26,271 dead, over 30,000 injured. 
  3. USD 1.5 billion in monetary damage.

  • Indian Ocean Earthquake - December 26, 2004
  1. 9.1 Magnitude (Largest since 2001)
  2. 230,210 dead, over 125,000 injured
  3. USD 4.45 billion in monetary damage

  • Kashmir earthquake - October 8, 2005
  1. 7.6 Magnitude
  2. 74,500 dead, over 106,000 injured
  3. USD 5.0 billion in monetary damage

  • Haiti Earthquake - January 12, 2010
  1. 7.0 Magnitude
  2. 316,000 dead, over 300,000 injured
  3. USD 13.9 billion in monetary damage

  • Japan Earthquake - March 11, 2011
  1. 9.0 Magnitude
  2. 9,079 dead, 2,633 injured, 12,645 missing (Correct as at 13:08hrs in Tokyo - 22 Mar 2011) 
  3. Expected Death Toll: More than 25,000 
  4. US$300 billion (23 Mar, 2011)

Now, let us look at our key government position's salary across the years(and also our nation's GDP). Do note that these are figures that are plucked from various sources in the web(Not all are official); These figures serve to provide you with a rough estimate, not the exact figure. (Digressing, this is the section that takes up most of my time finding the relevant information. Isn't it ironic that even though our government place heavy emphasis on transparency, no official figures of our ministerial salary is released?)


               President
2004    S$2,126,000
2005    S$2,373,100
2006    S$2,550,000  
2007    S$3,187,000 
2008    S$3,870,000
2009    S$3,040,000 
2010    S$3,575,000 
2011    S$4,267,500


                      PM
2004 
2005 
2006    S$2,460,000
2007    S$3,090,000
2008    S$3,760,000
2009    S$3,040,000
2010    S$3,575,000
2011    S$4,230,000


                Minister
2004
2005 
2006    S$1,200,000
2007    S$1,593,000
2008    S$1,940,000
2009    S$1,570,000
2010    S$1,920,000
2011  

                          GDP
2004    USD112,692,500,000
2005    USD125,413,700,000
2006    USD145,335,000,000 
2007    USD177,329,600,000
2008    USD189,392,100,000
2009    USD183,333,900,000
2010    USD222,700,600,000


Note: If the salary is blank for a given year, it means that the figure is not found in the web. (Pardon me, I tried hard.)

Now, with respect to each individual disaster, how did Singapore's politicians decide to respond?
(Do note that there is a fine distinction between our government response and non-government/community responses)

  • Iran Earthquake - December 26, 2003
Singapore Governemnt donated USD 50,000.

Singapore's Foreign Ministry also announced on Saturday that the government will contribute 50,000 US dollars to initiate a public appeal by the Singapore Red Cross Society to help Iran.

Non-Government Organizations
Mercy Relief(MR) shipped 2 containers of relief supplies comprising new clothes, winter-wear, canned food, medicine, household kits, cooking oil & hygiene packs. MR and Singapore Red Cross society helped in the reconstruction of 2 orphanages & 2 relief warehouses.

The Bam earthquake erupted on 26 December 2003, killing 28,000 and leaving thousands more homeless at the peak of its winter. Responding to the international appeal made by the Iranian authorities, MR joined hands with its partners from the Singapore Catholic Archdiocese, Islamic Religious Council of Singapore (MUIS), Singapore Soka Association (SSA), Young Sikh Association (YSAS), and the Iranian community in Singapore, to execute a major fundraising effort in aid of the earthquake survivors in Bam.
In tandem, MR worked with the Iranian community in Singapore and the Ba’alwie Mosque to consolidate and ship 2 containers of relief supplies. The first container was dispatched on 6 January, comprising 18,000 sets of brand new clothes and winter-wear, canned meat and medicine. The second tranche of supplies was sent a week later including household kits, clothes for adults and children, cooking oil and hygiene packs.
There after MR linked up with the Singapore Red Cross Society (SRCS) to lead an assessment team to Bam. Consequently, MR and SRCS facilitated the reconstruction of 2 orphanages and 2 relief warehouses in Bam and neighbouring Kerman.

  • Indian Ocean Earthquake - December 26, 2004
Singapore government donated SGD 1 + 5 million, and USD 10 million. 1200 military & civil defence personnel, 3 Landing Ship Tank (LST), 8 Chinooks & 4 Super Pumas. (Chinook & Super Puma are helicopters)

Here is the full story:

The Singapore government has pledged SGD 5m to relief efforts initially, including SGD 1m in cash to the SRCS. As of 8 January, SRCS has collected more than SGD 27m. At an emergency disaster summit in Jakarta, the government has pledged an additional USD 10m to help victims of the tsunami disaster. A government-linked investment company, Temasek Holdings, has earmarked USD 10m for relief work. The government has also offered the use of its air and naval bases as a staging area to the United Nations and other relief agencies as well as to other countries, including the US, Australia, France and Japan. The United Nations has also accepted Singapore's offer to set up a UN Regional Coordination Centre to coordinate relief efforts to stricken areas.
The Singaporean humanitarian relief operation involves more than 1200 military and civil defence personnel - of whom 900 are in Aceh, Indonesia. The humanitarian assistance provided by its military, medical and rescue teams is estimated to cost SGD 20m. Singapore has also offered to rebuild hospitals and clinics in Aceh.
The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) has deployed three Endurance class landing platform dock ships - RSSEndurance, RSS Persistence and RSS Endeavour - off the coast of Meulaboh, one of the worst hit areas where all road access was cut off. Onboard these ships were medical and engineering teams and volunteers with NGOs. The ships were also loaded with medical supplies and heavy equipment to help clear roads and debris. It has also dispatched six Chinook helicopters and two Super Puma helicopters to Aceh, two Chinook helicopters and two Super Puma helicopters to Phuket, Thailand. C130s were also dispatched to ferry relief supplies to tsunami-hit areas.

Non-Government Organizations
Mercy Relief sent 17 relief missions, involving 120 volunteers. MR donated 1.4 million kgs of medical and relief supplies worth SGD 3.3 million

NTUC Fairprice donated food supplies worth SGD 400,000.

On 26 December the Indian Ocean Tsunami was unleashed, claiming more than 200,000 lives in the region. Affected countries stretched from the Maldives and Indonesia to Sri Lanka and Somalia. MR sent a total of 17 medical relief missions, involving 120 volunteers over a period of four months. In collaboration with the Singapore SOKA Association, we delivered some 1.4 million kilograms of relief supplies worth more than S$3 million and S$300,000 in medical supplies to Sri Lanka, Aceh and Nias. Items included medical supplies, food, water, surgical gloves and masks, body bags, and blankets. NTUC Fairprice donated the bulk of our food supplies worth about S$400,000.

Singapore Community
Singapore community donated 1,500 tonnes of relief supplies worth at SGD 4 million, 10 water filter system capable of producing 100,000 litres of drinking water per day, with the help of 1,200 volunteers.

In Singapore, 1,200 volunteers participated in an island-wide street collection to raise funds for subsequent relief missions and rehabilitation projects.
The great outpour of sympathy from Singaporeans was not restricted to cash donations but also those in kind. The Singapore Land Authority (SLA) allowed the complimentary use of its two school premises as collection centres – one at Lowland and another at Pasir Panjang. At the height of the tsunami response, the two Collection Centres became second homes to thousands of volunteers from all walks of life who spent countless hours receiving, sorting and packing clothes, food and medicines into carton boxes bound for the affected regions. The two Centres handled more than 1,500 tonnes of relief supplies worth around $4 million. The last container of relief supplies left the MR-SLA Collection Centre in July and brought a closure to the makeshift Collection Centres.
Of the 700 tonnes of bottled drinking water received at the Collection Centres, about half were distributed at the affected areas. The remainder was liquidated, with the proceeds used to purchase 10 units of water filter systems which produced 100,000 litres of clean water each day. The water filter systems not only fulfilled the original intent of the donors i.e. to provide safe drinking water to the victims, but it ensured a more sustainable source of clean and safe water for the beneficiaries whilst they rebuild their lives.
In an effort to allow the survivors to be reconnected with the outside world, MR collaborated with Mediacorp Radio to collect new and used transistor radios. These were later distributed amongst the displaced families living in and around Secata camp in Banda Aceh

  • Kashmir earthquake - October 8, 2005
Singapore Government decided to write a letter of condolence to convey our deepest sympathies.

Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong wrote letters of condolence to both Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf and Indian Prime MinisterManmohan Singh.
In his letter to Musharraf, Lee said he was deeply saddened to hear of the earthquake in South Asia, which has caused devastation and heavy loss of life in Pakistan.
In his letter to Dr. Manmohan Singh, Lee said he was deeply saddened by the loss of life in Kashmir as a result of the earthquake. He said: "On behalf of the Government and people of Singapore, I would like to convey our condolences and deepest sympathies to you and to the families of the victims." He added that India demonstrated resilience and resolve in the wake of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, and he was confident that it would once again respond decisively to this challenge.

Disaster Rescue Team
SCDF sent 44  DART members who are specially trained to handle disaster relief, and 3 search dogs.

The Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) was dispatching a 44-member Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team (DART) to help Pakistan's relief and rescue operations. They brought along three search-and-rescue dogs to assist in looking for survivors buried under the earthquake rubble. Two C-130 Hercules aircraft from the Republic of Singapore Air Force were used to transport the team to Pakistan.
As of 16 October, the SCDF team, called the Lion Heart, have treated 204 patients since its arrival at Muzaffarabad and other outskirt towns. Other international teams that were still operating in Muzaffarabad at that time were from Turkey, North Cyprus and Malaysia.

Medical Relief Team
6 Member relief workers from Mercy Relief & Singapore General Hospital(SGH).

Singapore also sent two medical and relief teams to the disaster site.
A six-member team of relief workers from Mercy Relief and the Singapore General Hospital was sent to Pakistan to help the victims. Stationed at a partially-damaged hospital in Muzaffarabad, the team brought with them food and medical supplies, as well as items like tents and blankets, which the Pakistani relief workers have identified as essential items. In the two weeks deployment, the team has treated about 7,000 patients.
The Singapore Red Cross sent a four-member medical teams comprising of two doctors and two nurses to Pakistan to provide emergency medical relief assistance. They were working with the disaster response team from Pakistan's Red Crescent and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent in Islamabad.

Singapore Community
SGD 700,000 + SGD 155,000. (And a lot of donated essentials)

Various community groups have rallied and organised the collection of donation and relief supplies, including effort by the 4,000 strong Pakistani community. The Singapore Pakistan Association has set up four centres across the country to help collect relief supplies. The needed relief supplies are shelter items like tents and plastic sheets, blankets and mattresses, food items like high energy biscuits and pre-cooked halal tinned food. Also needed are medicines like antibiotics, typhoid medication, fracture related and first aid kits, surgical instruments and water purification tablets.
The Pakistani High Commission in Singapore is coordinating these effort and providing information to the public about the disaster and the relief operation. The High Commission is also accepting donations made out to the "Presidents' Relief Fund for Earthquake Victims - 2005." As of October 26, this joint fundraising effort has collected S$700,000. 
The Islamic Religious Council of Singapore (MUIS) launched a public appeal and organised a special fund-raising in aid of the affected victims. Donation boxes marked "Humanitarian Aid to Earthquake Victims in Pakistan, India & Afghanistan" were placed at all its 68 mosques. As of October 20, 2005, MUIS has collected S$155,000 in its fund-raising.
The Singapore Red Cross made a public appeal in helping to raise funds for the victims of the earthquake, accepting cheques made out to the "Singapore Red Cross Society" with "Asian Earthquake" marked at the back of it.

  • Haiti Earthquake - January 12, 2010
Singapore government donated USD 50,000.

Given the scale of the disaster, and amid the outpouring of sympathy, the Singapore Government's response was striking for its parsimony. It offered only US$50,000 (S$70,000) for relief efforts. From all accounts, it is not sending any disaster relief team to the area. 

  • Japan Earthquake - March 11, 2011(Relief is still ongoing, information provided might be outdated)
Singapore government donated USD 500,000, and sent a search and rescue team.

THE Singapore Government on Tuesday donated $500,000 to the Singapore Red Cross Society as seed money to help in relief efforts in Japan.
Mr Chew Tai Soo, former ambassador to Japan and now an ambassador-at-large, was also appointed by Foreign Affairs Minister George Yeo to be the coordinator of Singapore's efforts to support the Japanese.
The Red Cross started accepting donations on Tuesday and collected $100,000. The single largest donation was about $10,000.No, it is SGD 1,000,000 by Elaine Low.
On Tuesday, Japanese Ambassador to Singapore Yoichi Suzuki called on Mr Yeo to express his appreciation for Singapore's support in the relief operations.
A Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) statement said that Mr Yeo conveyed his deepest sympathies to Mr Suzuki and 'the full solidarity' of Singaporeans and the Government in this time of crisis.
He asked the ambassador how Singapore could play a helpful role, being mindful that the transportation infrastructure in the affected areas has been badly damaged.

Non-Government Organizations
Singapore Red Cross Society sent 10,000 bottles of water, 6,200 blankets, 200 mattresses, 4,000 collapsible water containers and raised SGD 4.1 million.

 The Government of Singapore donated S$500,000 and sent a search and rescue team. The Singapore Red Cross Society (SRC) sent 2 consignments of relief goods consisting of 10,000 bottles of water (500 ml), 1,200 blankets and 200 mattresses and 4,000 collapsible water containers and 5,000 blankets. The SRC raised a total of S$4.1 million(excluding the S$500,000 by the Government of Singapore) thus far for the relief efforts.


Now, what do others say about our contribution?

Chua Mui Hoong 
The Straits Times
Publication Date: 23-01-2010 

AS NEWS of the Haiti earthquake broke on Jan 12, my mailbox was flooded with messages of concern from former classmates all over the world.

One is Haitian. When he finally e-mailed to say he and his family were safe, we all heaved a collective sigh of relief. But, he added, the capital city of Port-au-Prince was ruined.

We were in the same graduate school class at Harvard University in 2002. A common e-mail list links us, activated in times like these.



In today's globalised world, events far away can come very close to home and heart. At Canberra Secondary School in Sembawang, the quake rallied the school to organise a joint effort to raise funds. Canberra is twinned with Haiti for the upcoming Youth Olympic Games, and students were learning about the Caribbean island of nine million.

The quake in the poverty-stricken country, where only half the people are literate, and where male life expectancy is just 59, dominates headlines worldwide. The scale of the devastation led the United Nations to call this its worst humanitarian disaster ever. 

Ordinary Singaporeans responded with compassion. Schools, temples, mosques and churches organised donation drives. City Harvest Church and CityCare organisation rose to the occasion, sending two medical teams to Haiti. 

Given the scale of the disaster, and amid the outpouring of sympathy, the Singapore Government's response was striking for its parsimony. It offered only US$50,000 (S$70,000) for relief efforts. From all accounts, it is not sending any disaster relief team to the area. 

The Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) initially indicated it was ready to send a team if it received the go-ahead. A day later, the SCDF clarified, saying that the first 48 hours after a disaster were the most critical for search and rescue. With Haiti being far away, and given the uncertainty over the coordination of international relief efforts, the SCDF 'would not have been able to deploy a Dart team (Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team) to Haiti in a timely manner to make a useful contribution', it said. (and we all wonder what happened behind the scenes.)

The Government's response to the Haiti quake is disappointing to citizens who care about what happens to people on the other side of the globe. The amount offered - US$50,000 - is the same amount impoverished Chad offered. Even Cambodia, with a gross domestic product (GDP) just 11 per cent of Singapore's, managed US$50,000.

Singapore is a high-income country with a small population that quite correctly resists attempts to make it contribute to international efforts on a per-capita basis. But as many Singaporeans have pointed out on the Internet, US$50,000 amounts to less than two cents per Singaporean. Even on a gross GDP basis, that is minuscule. With a GDP of US$238.5 billion, Singapore's contribution amounts to 0.00002 per cent of its GDP. South Korea's US$1 million amounts to 0.00007 of its GDP, or 3.5 times Singapore's. Japan gave US$5 million or 0.00011 per cent of its GDP, 5.5 times Singapore's. 

Citizens like the Singapore Government to be careful with their tax dollars. Still US$50,000 is too low. It can be justified only if we adopted a hard-boiled, cost-benefit approach to charity.(From the response, it really seem like we adopt this approach.) That may have sufficed when the country was struggling to survive, but it seems out of touch with the aspirations of today's Singaporeans with their more global outlook and bigger heart.

The state's decision as to who, how much and how soon to help, seems to be based on a calculus of distance, importance, and potential benefit. Haiti, being far away from Singapore and relatively unimportant to its economic or strategic interests, didn't receive much help. (This is confirmed by a line in the MFA response to this article. "Among other things, we have to consider the nature of our relations with the affected country")

In contrast, the Singapore Government devoted about $70 million to Indonesia and other stricken countries in the 2004 tsunami. It sent US$100,000 and a relief team to Pakistan during the 2005 quake. A relief team and US$200,000 in aid went to Sichuan after the May 2008 quake. Indonesia, China and South Asia are economically and strategically important to Singapore. 

Haiti's distance did not prevent Indonesia from sending aid worth US$22 million and a team. Perhaps Indonesia, the recipient of the world's generosity during the tsunami, felt an obligation to help a fellow victim of natural disaster.

Another factor in the calculus of aid is potential impact. With Haiti's port destroyed, and with only one airport runway in operation, relief supplies are already bottlenecked. But such considerations did not stop much of the world from doing its bit: Thailand sent 20,000 tonnes of rice, Venezuela 225,000 barrels of fuel and gasoline, and China was among the first on the scene with sniffer dogs, medics and monitoring equipment.

Singapore is certainly not lacking in resources to do more for Haiti. As one of my classmates from Iceland noted, even her (nearly) bankrupt government sent a 39-member rescue team. The SCDF certainly has similar or greater expertise.

While it is unrealistic to expect Singapore to send rescue teams and donate hundreds of millions in response to every natural disaster, Singaporeans like myself feel disappointed at the Government's response to the Haiti quake. Sure, Haiti is far away and unimportant to Singapore. These are traditional reasons to justify a low-key response. But the sheer poverty of the country and the scale of the disaster call for more generosity.

In response, Sudesh Maniar, Director, Public Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs wrote:

Jan 25, 2010 

AID TO HAITI

Disaster relief - the S'pore way 

I REFER to last Saturday's commentary, 'Is Singapore doing too little for Haiti?' by Ms Chua Mui Hoong. She criticised the Singapore Government for not making a bigger contribution to Haiti after the earthquake when we had contributed far more to disaster relief and humanitarian assistance efforts after the 2004 tsunami, the 2005 Pakistan earthquake and the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.

As a responsible member of the international community, the Singapore Government has consistently made contributions to international humanitarian assistance and disaster relief efforts in our region and beyond. Singaporeans are familiar with the contributions we have made over the years, especially to the many countries hit by the tsunami in 2004, and after the Sichuan earthquake.

Last year, we provided humanitarian assistance in the form of cash, supplies and equipment after Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan; Cyclone Aila in Bhutan; Typhoon Ketsana in the Philippines, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia; the Padang earthquake in Indonesia; the cyclone in Fiji; the earthquake and tsunami in Samoa and Tonga; as well as for victims of the civil war in Sri Lanka; and food aid for internally displaced people in Pakistan.

As a responsible government, we have to examine the considerations and priorities when deciding how much and what type of assistance Singapore can provide after each disaster. Singapore is not in the league of major donor countries, nor do we aspire to be one. Among other things, we have to consider the nature of our relations with the affected country and whether we can provide aid which will add value to the relief efforts when deciding what to contribute, as we have limited resources and cannot respond to every disaster in the same way.

Hence, we had responded with more significant contributions when Indonesia suffered the devastation of the tsunami and various earthquakes - because it is a neighbour with longstanding and close ties and we were in the position to deploy our military and civil defence assets so that they could carry out effective missions.

The amount or type of humanitarian assistance given by the Singapore Government is not intended to match the scale of a disaster. In the case of massive disasters in countries beyond our own region, our contributions often cannot be more than a show of moral support and a gesture of sympathy to the affected country.

The support from Singapore for Haiti need not be demonstrated just by the Government. Singaporeans who want to make a contribution can do so through the Red Cross and other groups, and indeed many have. The Singaporeans who have gone to Haiti on relief missions amply demonstrate their compassion for the victims of the earthquake.


Sudesh Maniar 
Director, Public Affairs 
Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Singapore is also another increasingly active contributor of military assets and played 
a crucial role in the 2004 tsunami response in Indonesia. Since 2003 Singapore’s support 
has strongly emphasized the contribution of personnel (expertise and manpower) in 
addition to physical assets, primarily in the areas of medical care and logistics.

During the Indian Ocean tsunami response, the Singaporean 
Government was able to deploy critical air assets—a C-130 Hercules cargo aircraft 
with supplies and Chinook and Super Puma helicopters—to Aceh within the first two 
to three days after the tidal waves struck. These helped the Indonesian Government to 
deliver the first wave of relief supplies and gave access to the affected areas, which were otherwise virtually inaccessible.

During the response to the Indian Ocean 
tsunami in Aceh, it was thought that the provision of a Singaporean military mobile air 
traffic control tower would be useful given the decimated airport infrastructure in Banda 
Aceh. However, the tower was initially sent without personnel. It remained out of action 
until Singaporean Air Force officers were sent over and provided two weeks of training 
to Indonesian personnel

Some foreign military personnel had reservations about the deployment of military 
assets for disaster relief. Although the SAF had a good public profile and enjoyed 
goodwill throughout the tsunami relief efforts, the deployment of its assets in Indonesia 
meant compromising its primary role of defending Singapore’s national security. In  
addition to air assets, the SAF deployed three of its four naval landing ships to Meulaboh for 
almost a month. A representative of the Australian Defence Force argued that, ideally, the 
military should not be involved in humanitarian relief if there are better alternatives.

I was disappointed to read that the Singapore government donated only US $50,000 in response towards the Haiti earthquake.
To put things in perspective, NTUC donated $500,000. Nissan and Toyota US $100,000 and 500,000 respectively. Even individuals have donated much more than Singapore.
The miserly amount from Singapore is not surprising really if you consider our contributions to past disasters.
Being one of the wealthiest countries in the world, I hope the Singapore government will be more generous in the future.
Meanwhile, it’s heartening to note that even the much maligned younger generation ( eg too self-centred according to an article in the Sunday Times today ) I’ve spoken to has expressed their willingness to donate.
When told that Singapore donated only $50,000, they stared at me with disbelief.
“Are you sure?” they asked.

Hell, even US actress Alyssa Milano can donate US$50000 from her own pocket. Singapore as a country is donating the same amount as a person? Disgrace... (With respect to Haiti Earthquake)

USD50K is not even near 1 month of those miniSTARS(Ministers) salary. (With respect to Haiti Earthquake)

I think our govt donated much much more and did much more to help for the sichuan earthquake even though the Haiti one has as many if not more casualties. That seems to stem from our close relations with China. There is trade, investments and etc more at stake with China than Haiti which explains the difference.
Think 500K would be a more appropriate amt to give. We probably spent more than 500k for those fireworks display during NDP.



Now, what would you say about our government's responses?
(You can always provide your opinion on individual incidents.)




A question for you to ponder upon:
how much do you think the world would donate to SG if a catastrophe, natural or otherwise, were to hit us?



Interesting things you might want to know:

1. Asia Pacific 8 top paid politician

(If you do the math, Singapore's is more than the other 7 combined. Oh wait, that's just our PM, before the salary raise!)

2. How is the salary of a Singapore's politician drafted





* I do not claim credit for providing any of the information. All information are obtained by various web sources stated below, all I did was to put them together.

Sources:
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